Introduction 3. Cytokines and pregnancy 4. Cytokines in pregnancy complications 4.1.
Cytokines in recurrent spontaneous miscarriage 4.2. Cytokines in threatened abortion 4.3 …

OBJECTIVE: To characterize immune modulation as expressed by cytokine assays at three
time-points in human pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective, longitudinal study …

The story of cytokines in pregnancy began about 30 years ago, approximately in
concomitance with the understanding that cytokines are autocrine-paracrine regulators of …

During pregnancy, a woman's immune system adapts to the changing hormonal
concentrations, causing immunologic transition. These immunologic changes are required …

PROBLEM: Although the overall anti‐infectious and anti‐parasitic immunity of parous
women appears normal, several aspects of maternal cell‐mediated and humoral immunity …

Disturbance of the cytokine equilibrium has been accused for many pathological disorders.
Microbial infections, autoimmune diseases, graft rejection have been correlated to over‐or …

A growing body of evidence indicates that, in addition to the hormones of hypothalamic,
pituitary and gonadal origin, autocrine/paracrine regulators play important roles in the …

Inflammation is a process by which tissues respond to various insults. It is characterized by
upregulation of chemokines, cytokines, and pattern recognition receptors that sense …

Background Normal pregnancy relies on a careful balance between immune tolerance and
suppression. It is known that strict regulation of maternal immune function, in addition to …

Introduction 3. Placental cytokine expression in normal pregnancy 3.1. Cellular sources and
gestational age dependence 3.2. Roles of placental cytokines: maternal and placental …