In multicellular organisms, the intracellular and extracellular spaces are considerably
packed with a diverse range of macromolecular species. Yet, standard eukaryotic cell …

In vivo, the interior and exterior of cells is populated by various macromolecules that create
an extremely crowded milieu. Yet again, in vitro eukaryotic cell culture is conducted in dilute …

The development of therapeutic regenerative medicine and accurate drug discovery cell-
based products requires effective, with respect to obtaining sufficient numbers of viable …

DOI: 10.1002/adma. 201304428 development of the scaffold-free cell-sheet tissue
engineering (CSTE)[7] or tissue engineering by self-assembly (TESA),[8] a therapy that …

Macromolecular crowding (MMC) is a biophysical effect that governs biochemical processes
inside and outside of cells. Since standard cell culture media lack this effect, the …

Biomimetic microenvironments are key components to successful cell culture and tissue
engineering in vitro. One of the most accurate biomimetic microenvironments is that made by …

With the advent of multicellular organisms, the exterior of the cells evolved dramatically from
highly aqueous surroundings into an extracellular matrix and space crowded with …

Macromolecular crowding (MMC) has been used in various in vitro experimental systems to
mimic in vivo physiology. This is because the crowded cytoplasm of cells contains many …

Microenvironments of biological cells are dominated in vivo by macromolecular crowding
and resultant excluded volume effects. This feature is absent in dilute in vitro cell culture …

High density of intracellular macromolecules creates a special condition known as
macromolecular crowding (MC). One well-established consequence of MC is that only a …