Recreation is known to impact wildlife by displacing and sometimes contributing to the
extirpation of sensitive species, underscoring a need for policies that balance wildlife and …

There is widespread evidence that human disturbance affects wildlife behavior, but long‐
term population effects can be difficult to quantify. Individual‐based models (IBMs) offer a …

Outdoor recreation is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world and provides
many benefits to people. Assessing possible negative impacts of recreation is nevertheless …

Outdoor recreation is increasing rapidly on public lands, with potential consequences for
wildlife communities. Recreation can induce shifts in wildlife activity and habitat use, but …

Human activity affects plant and animal populations across local to global scales, and the
management of recreation areas often aims to reduce such impacts. Specifically, by …

Outdoor recreation benefits local economies, environmental education, and public health
and wellbeing, but it can also adversely affect local ecosystems. Human presence in natural …

Trail-based recreation is a popular use of public forests in the United States, and four types
are common: all-terrain vehicle (ATV) riding, mountain biking, hiking, and horseback riding …

Wildland recreation that does not involve animal harvests (non‐consumptive recreation)
often influences various components of natural systems, including soils, water, air …

Public interest in nature‐based recreation is growing, including visitation to protected areas.
However, the level of recreation in these areas that causes detectable changes in wildlife …

Despite several studies that demonstrate general responses of elk (Cervus elaphus) to
roads and people, land management agencies continue to struggle with management of …