The emergence of infections caused by multi-or pan-resistant bacteria in the hospital or in
the community settings is an increasing health concern. Albeit there is no single resistance …

Antibiotic resistance is rapidly spreading among bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus,
an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes a variety of diseases in humans. For the last …

Drug resistance in bacteria, and especially resistance to multiple antibacterials, has
attracted much attention in recent years. In addition to the well known mechanisms, such as …

Biocides and dyes are commonly employed in hospital and laboratory settings. Many of
these agents are substrates for multiple-drug resistance (MDR)-conferring efflux pumps of …

Multidrug efflux pumps constitute a group of transporters that are ubiquitously found in any
organism. In addition to other functions with relevance for the cell physiology, efflux pumps …

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a
worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant'(MDR) …

The increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal bacteria is a major
health threat worldwide due to significant morbidity and mortality resulting from their …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps are antibiotic resistance determinants present in all
microorganisms. With few exceptions, they are chromosomally encoded and present a …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) has appeared in response to selective pressures resulting from
the incorrect use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. This inappropriate application and …

Active efflux of antibiotics is one of the major mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria. The
efflux process is mediated by membrane transporters with a large variety of unrelated …