It is becoming clear that transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) may be a key factor regulating
inflammatory and tissue specific wound responses. Because the formation of a glial …

The fibrotic scar which is formed after traumatic damage of the central nervous system (CNS)
is considered as a major impediment for axonal regeneration. In the process of the fibrotic …

In the central nervous system (CNS), nerve regeneration after traumatic injury fails. The
formation of a dense fibrous scar is thought to restrict in part the growth of axonal …

Transforming growth factor-βs (TGFβs) are implicated in fibrotic pathologies. TGFβ1 and-β2
expression is increased around the glial/fibrotic scar in the injured brain. Moreover, local …

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) has been shown to up-regulate the
synthesis of nerve growth factor (NGF) in cultured rat astrocytes and in neonatal brain in vivo …

The mechanisms that control the phagocytic activities of microglia and macrophages during
disorders of the nervous system are largely unknown. In the present investigation, we …

Although transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is known to be multifunctional in many
physiological systems, its role in the brain is undergoing elucidation. The situation is made …

Exogenous TGF-β1 has been shown to protect neurons from damage induced in vitro and in
vivo. In this study we attempted to examine the expression of endogenous TGF-β1 mRNA …

In brain injury, the primary trauma is followed by a cascade of cellular and molecular
mechanisms resulting in secondary injury and scar formation. Astrogliosis and expression of …

Lesions to the nervous system are nearly universally accompanied by a glial response
involving both microglia and astrocytes. The growth and immunoregulatory cytokine …