The rewarding properties of drugs depend on their capacity to activate appetitive
motivational states. Because the mechanisms underlying natural reward are an important …

The relationship between insects and humans is a complex one, characterized biotically as
commensalism, mutualism, or parasitism. This collection of papers reveals yet another …

In mammals, rewarding properties of drugs depend on their capacity to activate appetitive
motivational states. With the underlying mechanisms strongly conserved in evolution …

The rewarding properties of drugs in the mammalian system depend on their ability to
activate appetitive motivational states. The associated underlying mechanism is strongly …

Results of recent work from our labs and those of others have broadened perspectives on
addiction beyond a human-specific, cognitive phenomenon. Addictive plant alkaloids are …

Recognizing addiction as a phenomenon with deep evolutionary roots grants valuable new
perspectives into understanding its behavioral features, as well as its underlying neural …

Natural reward is an essential element of any organism's ability to adapt to environmental
variation. Its underlying circuits and mechanisms guide the learning process as they help …

The idea that addiction occurs when the brain is not able to differentiate whether specific
reward circuits were triggered by adaptive natural rewards or falsely activated by addictive …

The review by Sanchis-Segura & Spanagel (2006) provides a useful overview of the
theoretical background behind some of the methods used by animal researchers into drug …

Addictive drugs act on brain reward systems, although the brain evolved to respond not to
drugs but to natural rewards, such as food and sex. Appropriate responses to natural …