The classic biomedical view is that stress hormone effects on the immune system are largely
pathological, especially if the stress is chronic. However, more recent interpretations have …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
Stress-induced changes in immune function occur in animals across phyla, and these effects …

Intense, short-term stress (ie, robust activation of the fight-or-flight response) typically
produces a transient decline in resistance to disease in animals across phyla. Chemical …

A whole organism, network approach can help explain the adaptive purpose of stress-
induced changes in immune function. In insects, mediators of the stress response (eg stress …

Insect immune systems are dynamic. Their response to infection is altered by both internal
and external conditions (Stoks et al., 2006; Adamo, 2008a, 2008b). This plasticity exists …

Mediators of the stress response (eg glucocorticoids and norepinephrine) can be
immunosuppressive. Nevertheless, immune challenge leads to the release of these …

Our goal in this chapter is to review the current body of knowledge regarding the behavioral
and physiological changes accompanying the presentation of stress. We deal with these on …

It is a cliché to state that stress reduces immunocompetence. Although this phrase is widely
believed and supported by incontrovertible evidence, the biological reality is much more …

Organisms have constant contact with potentially harmful agents that can compromise their
fitness. However, most of the times these agents fail to cause serious disease by virtue of the …

Stress can be seen as the body's most important and complex reaction to ensure survival
involving the neuroendocrine systems and a variety of other organs. The investigation of the …