This review identifies four receiver psychology perspectives that are likely to be important in
the design and evolution of warning signals. Three of these perspectives (phobia, learning …

Aposematic insect species are thought to gain protection from avian predators by advertising
their unpalatability with bright or conspicuous coloration. However, individuals within a …

It has long been recognized that defended prey tend to be conspicuous. Current theories
suggest that the association ('aposematism') has arisen because predators more readily …

Hundreds of studies have examined how prey animals assess their risk of predation. These
studies work from the basic tennet that prey need to continually balance the conflicting …

Defended prey frequently advertise to potential predators using multimodal warning
displays. Signaling through more than one sensory pathway may enhance the rate of …

The evolution of prey warning coloration is, literally, a textbook example of Darwinian
adaptive evolution by natural selection. The cornerstone of this evolutionary process is a …

A fundamental prerequisite for prey to avoid being captured is the ability to distinguish
dangerous stimuli such as predators and risky habitats from non-dangerous stimuli such as …

It is widely argued that defended prey have tended to evolve conspicuous traits because
predators more readily learn to avoid defended prey when they are conspicuous. However …

The evolution of aposematism is difficult to explain because:(1) new aposematic morphs will
be relatively rare and thus risk extinction during predator education; and (2) aposematic …

Using appropriate antipredatory responses is crucial for survival. While slowing down
reduces the chances of being detected from distant predators, fleeing away is advantageous …