Influenza A viruses (IAVs) originating from animal reservoirs pose continuous threats to
human health as demonstrated by the Spanish flu pandemic. Infection starts by attachment …

Influenza A viruses are spherical particles that attach to cells through bonds between
hemagglutinin and specific cellular receptors. Numerous studies performed have recently …

To become established upon zoonotic transfer, influenza A viruses (IAV) need to switch
binding from “avian-type” α2-3-linked sialic acid receptors (2-3Sia) to “human-type” Siaα2-6 …

Avian or human influenza A viruses bind preferentially to avian-or human-type sialic acid
receptors, respectively, indicating that receptor tropism is an important factor for determining …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) occasionally cross the species barrier and adapt to novel host
species. This requires readjustment of the functional balance of the sialic acid receptor …

Establishment of zoonotic viruses, causing pandemics like the Spanish flu and Covid-19,
requires adaptation to human receptors. Pandemic influenza A viruses (IAV) that crossed the …

Receptor-binding specificity is a major determinant of host range, pathogenesis, and
interspecies transmission in influenza virus. Recognition of different conformations of sialic …

Propagation of human influenza viruses in embryonated chicken eggs (CE) results in the
selection of variants with amino acid substitutions near the receptor-binding site of the …

The host adaptation of influenza virus is partly dependent on the sialic acid (SA) isoform
bound by the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Avian influenza viruses preferentially bind the α-2, 3 …

Human and animal influenza A isolates of the H3 serotype preferentially bind SA alpha 2,
6Gal or SA alpha 2, 3Gal linkages (where SA represents sialic acid), respectively, on cell …