Insect parasites and parasitoids are a major component of terrestrial food webs. For
parasitoids, categorization is whether feeding activity is located inside or outside its host, if …

Carnivory is the consumption of one animal by another animal; among invertebrates in
terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems this type of feeding can take three forms: predation …

Within Metazoa, it has been proposed that as many as two-thirds of all species are parasitic.
This propensity towards parasitism is also reflected within insects, where several lineages …

Parasites are common in many ecosystems, yet because of their nature, they do not fossilise
readily and are very rare in the geological record. This makes it challenging to study the …

Two scientific fields have been pivotal in starting and advancing the study of parasite
remains through time: archaeology and parasitology. Together, they have contributed major …

Paleoparasitological research has made important contributions to our understanding of
parasite evolution and ecology since the 1960s. Since then, most studies have focused on …

While some species of parasites can be identified to species level from archaeological
remains using microscopy (ie Enterobius vermicularis, Clonorchis sinensis), others can only …

The fossil record of parasites is limited thus far. A survey of the fossil record shows that some
modes of preservation show a higher potential for the preservation of parasitic remains or …

Twisted winged insects (Strepsiptera) are a highly specialized small order of parasitic
insects. Whether parasitism developed at an early or late stage in the evolution of the group …

Parasites are ubiquitous in extant ecosystems and vertebrate animals often harbour rich
parasite communities. However, the geological record of parasites is extremely sparse as …