Pain perception is remarkably plastic. Expecting low pain decreases perceived pain
intensity, as in placebo analgesia. This occurs even when expectations are violated by the …

Placebo interventions generate mismatches between expected pain and sensory signals
from which pain states are inferred. Since we lack direct access to bodily states, we can only …

Placebo analgesia has been attributed to the effects of expectations of pain reduction, which
are generally thought of as conscious cognitive processes, and classical conditioning which …

This study investigated for the first time the effects of individual and combined application of
3 learning techniques (verbal suggestions, classical conditioning, and observational …

The placebo effect is a component of any response to a treatment (effective or inert), but we
still ignore why it exists. We propose that placebo analgesia is a facet of pain perception …

Placebo analgesia has been shown to be driven by expectations of treatment effects. We
suggest that the expectation of treatment creates uncertainty about the sensory information …

Pain perception arises from the integration of prior expectations with sensory information.
Although recent work has demonstrated that treatment expectancy effects (eg, placebo …

Previous frameworks have failed to adequately explain the observed correlation between
within-subject variability in pain reporting and analgesic placebo response. These …

Treatment outcomes are strongly influenced by expectations, as evidenced by the placebo
effect. Meta-analyses of clinical trials reveal that placebo effects are strongest in pain …

Placebo effects are strongest in pain, indicating that psychosocial factors directly influence
pain. In this review, I focus on the neural and psychological mechanisms by which …