Metabolic perturbations that decrease or limit blood glucose—such as fasting or adhering to
a ketogenic diet—reduce epileptic seizures significantly. To date, the critical links between …

Abnormal neuronal signaling caused by metabolic changes characterizes several
neurological disorders, and in some instances metabolic interventions provide therapeutic …

ATP and adenosine are purines that play dual roles in cell metabolism and neuronal
signaling. Acting at the A1 receptor (A1R) subtype, adenosine acts directly on neurons to …

ATP-and adenosine-mediated signaling are prominent types of glia–glia and glia–neuron
interaction, with an imbalance of ATP/adenosine ratio leading to altered states of excitability …

For many years the neuromodulator adenosine has been recognized as an endogenous
anticonvulsant molecule and termed a “retaliatory metabolite.” As the core molecule of ATP …

Neuronal excitability of the brain and ongoing homeostasis depend not only on intrinsic
neuronal properties, but also on external environmental factors; together these determine …

Most of the energy produced in the brain is dedicated to supporting synaptic transmission.
Glucose is the main fuel, providing energy and carbon skeletons to the cells that execute …

Coffee and tea contain the stimulants caffeine and theophylline. These compounds act as
antagonists of adenosine receptors. Adenosine promotes sleep and its extracellular …

Despite continuous advances in understanding the underlying pathogenesis of
hyperexcitable networks and lowered seizure thresholds, the treatment of epilepsy remains …

Astrocytes from the hippocampus of chronic epileptic rats exhibit an abnormal pattern of
intracellular calcium oscillations, characterized by an augmented frequency of long lasting …