Most pathogens initiate their infections at the human mucosal surface. Therefore, mucosal
vaccination, especially through oral or intranasal administration routes, is highly desired for …

Introduction: The emergence of new diseases and the lack of efficient vaccines against
numerous nontreatable pathogens require the development of novel vaccination strategies …

Mucosal surfaces are the major entrance for infectious pathogens and therefore mucosal
immune responses serve as a first line of defence. Most current immunization procedures …

Because of their large surface area and immunological competence, mucosal tissues are
attractive administration and target sites for vaccination. An important characteristic of …

Most existing vaccines for human use are administered by needle-based injection.
Administering vaccines needle-free intranasally has numerous advantages over by needle …

Currently, mucosal infectious diseases are still a very high global health burden, but there
are few effective vaccines to prevent mucosal-borne diseases. The development of mucosal …

Mucosal immune responses are the first‐line defensive mechanisms against a variety of
infections. Therefore, immunizations of mucosal surfaces from which majority of infectious …

The mucosal surface is the largest route through which pathogens enter the human body. To
control the outbreak of mucosal infectious diseases, we must use our knowledge of the …

Mucosal surfaces are the interface between the host's internal milieu and the external
environment, and they have dual functions, serving as physical barriers to foreign antigens …

Although most commercial vaccines are delivered by injection, there is an increasing
interest in needle-free vaccine delivery for reasons including the ability to elicit immune …