Throughout history, oral administration has been regarded as the most convenient mode of
drug delivery, as it requires minimal expertise and invasiveness. Although oral delivery …

Highlights•Oral route of administration is the preferred route for drug delivery.•Dosage form
designing plays an essential role in oral peptide delivery.•Preclinical and clinical aspects of …

The past few years has witnessed a booming market of protein and peptide drugs, owing to
their superior efficiency and biocompatibility. Parenteral route is the most commonly …

In recent years, peptide/protein drugs have attracted considerable attention owing to their
superior targeting and therapeutic effect and fewer side effects compared with chemical …

Oral administration is perhaps the most commonly used and acceptable route for drug
delivery to patients, mainly due to its non-invasiveness, simplicity, and versatility …

Since the first attempt to administer insulin orally in humans more than 90 years ago, the oral
delivery of macromolecular drugs (> 1000 g/mol) has been rather disappointing. Although …

Advances in biotechnology have produced therapeutically active proteins on a commercial
scale, and therapeutic proteins are now extensively applied in medical practices to treat …

Protein and peptide drugs are predominantly administered by injection to achieve high
bioavailability, but this greatly compromises patient compliance. Oral and transdermal drug …

With the advent of new technologies and radical growth in the field of biotechnology, dozens
of protein and peptide drugs have been marketed. However, there are several challenges …

The emerging field of precision medicine is rapidly growing, fostered by the advances in
genome mapping and molecular diagnosis. In general, the translation of these advances …