The plant immune system involves cell-surface receptors that detect intercellular pathogen-
derived molecules, and intracellular receptors that activate immunity upon detection of …

Plants are attacked by a multitude of pathogens and pests, some of which cause epidemics
that threaten food security. Yet a fundamental concept in plant pathology is that most plants …

Many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reproduction.
Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune system. The first branch …

Highlights•Activation of immune responses requires receptor complex assembly.•Receptor
complexes differentially reside in regulatory scaffolds.•Phytocytokines, such as RALF …

Plants encounter a myriad of microorganisms, particularly at the root–soil interface, that can
invade with detrimental or beneficial outcomes. Prevalent beneficial associations between …

Plants cannot move to escape environmental challenges. Biotic stresses result from a
battery of potential pathogens: fungi, bacteria, nematodes and insects intercept the …

Recent reports suggest that cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors function
synergistically to activate robust defence against pathogens, but whether they co-evolve is …

The plant immune system is fundamental for plant survival in natural ecosystems and for
productivity in crop fields. Substantial evidence supports the prevailing notion that plants …

Studies of receptors and signal-transduction components that play a role in plant disease
resistance have revealed remarkable similarities with innate immunity pathways in insects …

Contents Summary 17 I. Introduction 17 II. Pathogen perception by NLRs: from direct
recognition to integrated decoys 18 III. Multiple activation and signaling pathways for NLRs …