Chemotherapy, in combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting to
programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) or its ligand PD‐L1, is one of the first‐line treatments for …

Background The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-
1) and its ligand (PD-L1) has been proved beneficial for numerous types of cancers …

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors are promising
therapeutic agents for treating cancers but the response rate is< 20%. Some …

Antitumor immunity relies on the ability of the immune system to recognize tumor cells as
foreign and eliminate them. An effective immune response in this setting is due to …

Highlights•The blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 has shown benefit in NSCLC.•Clinical
studies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors are ongoing in NSCLC.•Checkpoint …

Conventional chemotherapy for lung cancer exerts anti-tumor effects through cytotoxicity,
and through immunologic regulation by reducing specific T cell subsets and inducing the …

Therapies targeting immune checkpoints have recently shown encouraging activity in
patients with heavily pretreated advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) …

Introduction Despite the enthusiasm surrounding cancer immunotherapy, most SCLC
patients show very modest response to immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy treatment …

Inhibitors of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway show the potential to substantially
increase the efficacy of therapy for various malignancies, including non–small cell lung …

Chemotherapy and targeted therapy have significantly improved the progression of non-
small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but patients are inevitably suffering from drug resistance …