Most studies examining the effect of extended exposure to general anesthetic agents (GAAs)
have demonstrated that extended exposure induces both structural and functional changes …

Introduction: Ketamine is a general anesthetic (GA) that activates several neurotransmitter
pathways in various part of the brain. The acute effects as GA are the most well-known and …

Sevoflurane, in particular multiple exposures, has been reported to cause the abnormal
neurological development including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This …

Although it is evident that general anesthesia should affect impulse activity and
neurochemical responses of central neurons, there are limited studies in which these …

After surgery requiring general anesthesia, patients often experience emotional
disturbances, but it is unclear if this is due to anesthetic exposure. In the present study, we …

Accumulating evidence indicates that exposure to general anesthetics during infancy and
childhood can cause persistent cognitive impairment, alterations in synaptic plasticity, and …

Background Volatile agents alter inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) at clinically
relevant concentrations, an action that is thought to make an important contribution to their …

Year on year millions of people receive anesthesia for a variety of reasons. The vast majority
of patients are apparently unharmed by the anesthetic agents. However, around the …

Attempts have been made to attribute the particular features of general anaesthesia such as
hypnosis, analgesia, amnesia and autonomic stability to certain brain regions. In the present …

Although the evidence from animal studies is clear and continuing to mount that anesthetic
drugs given at the right time and in sufficiently high and prolonged doses do cause …