Natural selection imply that any organisms including human being will evolve to improve its
fitness advantage and the selected genotype or phenotype in equilibrium state will not vary …

In an unchanging environment, natural selection always selects species with high fitness. In
this study, we build a co-evolutionary system to study the interaction between stochasticity in …

Continual evolution describes the unceasing evolution of at least one trait involving at least
one organism. The Red Queen Hypothesis is a specific case in which continual evolution …

The impact of ecological balance on biological evolution has been largely underestimated
for a long time. It has not been noticed that the auto-regulation of ecosystems can change …

The concept of fitness as a measure for a species' success in natural selection is central to
the theory of evolution. We here investigate how reproduction rates which are not constant …

Abstract Models in evolutionary game theory traditionally assume symmetric interactions in
homogeneous environments. Here, we consider populations evolving in a heterogeneous …

It is a very challenging problem whether natural selection is able to effectively resist the
continuous disturbance of environmental noise such that the direction or outcome of …

One essential ingredient of evolutionary theory is the concept of fitness as a measure for a
species' success in its living conditions. Here, we quantify the effect of environmental …

Natural Selection is so ubiquitous that we never wonder how it appeared as the evolution
rule driving Life. We usually wonder how Life appeared, and seldom do we make an explicit …

This paper further develops a new way of modelling evolutionary game models with an
emphasis on ecological realism, concerned with how ecological factors determine payoffs in …