Measurement of cytokine gene expression by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase
chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is used widely to assess the immune system of animals and to …

Measurement of cytokine gene expression by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase
chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is used widely to assess the immune system of animals and to …

As a top predator, the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) is a sentinel of
ecosystem change, where population trends can reflect broader shifts in the marine …

Both veterinarians caring for dolphins in managed populations and researchers monitoring
wild populations use blood-based diagnostics to monitor bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops …

Pinnipeds are exposed to anthropogenic and environmental stressors, including disease,
and these can, in turn, affect their immune system, health, and viability. The endemic …

Investigation of the immune response of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is needed
urgently, but has been limited by scarcity of species-specific reagents and methods for this …

Cytokines are a group of proteins that mediate complex immune cell interactions and
regulate the development of effector immune responses. The accurate measurement of …

Monitoring the immune status of cetaceans is important for a variety of health conditions.
Assays to quantify cytokines, especially pro-inflammatory cytokines, could be employed, in …

Immunological assays are the basis for many diagnostic tests for infectious diseases in
animals and humans. Application in wildlife species, including the African elephant …

In response to viral pathogens, a host releases pro-inflammatory cytokines such as
interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory …