Pain is a complex biological phenomenon that encompasses intricate neurophysiological,
behavioural, psychosocial and affective components. Protracted or chronic pain alerts an …

The myriad pain pathophysiology has intrigued and challenged humanity for centuries. In
this regard, the traditional pain therapies such as opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory …

In spite of intense research efforts and after the dedicated Decade of Pain Control and
Research, there are not many alternatives to opioid-based narcotic analgesics in the …

Chronic pain is a major health problem that heavily conditions life quality and results in a
huge socio-economic cost. Currently available drugs and therapies are often inadequate for …

Analgesics are among the oldest drugs described, albeit not necessarily for medicinaluse.
Forexample, theSumeriansisolatedopioids (probablyfortheir euphoric effects) in the third …

Peripheral neuropathic pain, that clinical pain syndrome associated with lesions to the
peripheral nervous system, is characterized by positive and negative symptoms. Positive …

A unique reference on peripheral pain receptor mechanisms While considerable advances
have been made on pharmacotherapies for many chronic disease states, options available …

Neuronal injury evokes programmes of survival or apoptosis that have a natural history of at
least 500 million years. In Part I of this trilogy, I present an in-depth synthesis of an …

Pain and its consequences have a profound influence upon physiological and psychological
well-being. Cellular functions ranging from clotting times, wound healing and immune …

Pain is a complex constellation of cognitive, unpleasant sensory, and emotional experiences
that primarily serves as a survival mechanism. Pain arises in the peripheral nervous system …