Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of
cancer-related death in women worldwide. Despite the early detection of breast cancer and …

Simple Summary Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that is driven by genetic,
epigenetic and phenotypic modifications and is also affected by the microenvironment and …

The objective of this literature review is to describe the types of tumor heterogeneity in breast
cancer and their clinical implication. Two kinds of tumor heterogeneity are described …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and differs greatly among different patients
(intertumor heterogeneity) and even within each individual tumor (intratumor heterogeneity) …

In the last two decades the breast cancer mortality rate has steadily declined, in part, due to
the availability of better treatment options. However, drug resistance still remains a major …

Drug resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of breast cancer. Surviving cells lead to
tumor recurrence and metastasis, which remains the main cause of cancer-related mortality …

Tumor heterogeneity impinges on prognosis, response to therapy, and metastasis. As such,
heterogeneity is one of the most important and clinically relevant areas of cancer research …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. There is a high degree of diversity between and
within tumors as well as among cancer-bearing individuals, and all of these factors together …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and stratification of tumors is paramount to
achieve better clinical outcomes. While it is common to stratify and treat breast tumors as a …

Breast tumor heterogeneity is a major challenge in the clinical management of breast cancer
patients. Both inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity imply that each breast cancer (BC) …