The innate immune system is able to build memory-like features in response to certain
infections or vaccines, resulting in enhanced responsiveness upon (re) challenge with the …

Trained immunity is defined as the de facto memory characteristics induced in innate
immune cells after exposure to microbial stimuli after infections or certain types of vaccines …

BACKGROUND Host immune responses are classically divided into innate immune
responses, which react rapidly and nonspecifically upon encountering a pathogen, and …

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an unparalleled pursuit of vaccines to induce specific
adaptive immunity, based on virus-neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses. Although …

Trained immunity is a renewed concept of innate immune memory that facilitates the innate
immune system to have the capacity to remember and train cells via metabolic and …

Innate immune cells can potentiate the response to reinfection through an innate form of
immunological memory known as trained immunity. The potential of this fast-acting …

Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing infectious diseases. Despite the
success of many vaccines, there is presently little knowledge of the immunological …

Trained immunity is a de facto memory for innate immune responses, leading to long-term
functional reprogramming of innate immune cells. In physiological conditions, trained …

The innate arm of the immune system has generally been regarded as primitive and non-
specific and, in contrast to adaptive immunity, not to possess memory. Here we review the …

Traditionally, the innate and adaptive immune systems are differentiated by their specificity
and memory capacity. In recent years, however, this paradigm has shifted: Cells of the …