Background Several circumstances such as accidents, surgery, traumatic hemorrhagic
shock, and other causalities cause major blood loss. Allogenic blood transfusion can be …

Blood transfusions are a daily practice in hospitals. Since these products are limited in
availability and have various, harmful side effects, researchers have pursued the goal to …

Red cell substitutes are a group of oxygen carriers designed to temporarily replace
transfused blood. Each product is unique in its limitations and advantages. Research and …

Two distinct approaches are being explored in red blood cell substitute (RCS) development:
hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and perfluorocarbon‐based oxygen carriers …

Nearly 14 million units of packed red blood cells are transfused in the United States each
year. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, in 1999, 6% of …

Packed red blood cells are a critical component in the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock.
The availability of donor-derived blood products, however, suffers from issues of supply …

In the coming decade, it is likely that oxygen-carrying alternatives to red blood cells will
become available for clinical use. The driving force behind their development is the risk of …

Blood transfusion is the key life-saving treatment in many traumatic emergencies, chronic or
acute pathologies, and during or upon surgical interventions. The primary goal of blood …

Donor blood is a limited resource and its transfusion is associated with significant adverse
effects. Therefore, alternatives have been searched, the ultimate being artificial oxygen (O2) …

Despite the exhaustive search for an acceptable substitute to erythrocyte transfusion, neither
chemical-based products such as perfluorocarbons nor hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers …