During severe inflammatory and infectious diseases, various mediators modulate the
equilibrium of vascular tone, inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis. This Review …

Innate immunity is fundamental to our defense against microorganisms. Physiologically, the
intravascular innate immune system acts as a purging system that identifies and removes …

Abstract Purpose of Review Mechanisms facilitating progression of hypertension via cross
stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and inflammation have been proposed …

Atherosclerosis is considered a disease caused by a chronic inflammation, associated with
endothelial dysfunction, and several mediators of inflammation are up-regulated in subjects …

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and neuroendocrine hormonal systems help regulate
cardio‐vascular and renal function. Any change in the balance among these systems may …

Angiotensin (Ang) II, the main effector of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), is one of the
major mediators of vascular remodeling in hypertension. Besides being a potent vasoactive …

To date the pathophysiology of COVID-19 remains unclear: this represents a factor
determining the current lack of effective treatments. In this paper, we hypothesized a …

The kallikrein-kinin system is an endogenous metabolic cascade, triggering of which results
in the release of vasoactive kinins (bradykinin-related peptides). This complex system …

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 triggers the simultaneous activation of innate inflammatory
pathways including the complement system and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) generating …

Angiotensin II (AngII), the major effector peptide of renin–angiotensin system (RAS), is now
recognized as a growth factor that regulates cell growth and fibrosis, besides being a …