This review describes the diverse array of pathways and molecular targets that are used by
viruses to elude immune detection and destruction. These include targeting of pathways for …

During the millions of years they have coexisted with their hosts, viruses have learned how
to manipulate host immune control mechanisms. Viral gene functions provide an overview of …

Viral infectious diseases signify an essential portion of global public health concern with
millions of deaths annually. Viruses produce disease directly by killing the host cells they …

For decades cell biologists have relied on viruses to facilitate the study of complex cellular
function. More recently, the tragedy of the AIDS epidemic has focused considerable human …

Many viruses establish life-long infections in their natural host with few if any clinical
manifestations. The relationship between virus and host is a dynamic process in which the …

The attack on viruses and virus-infected cells by the mammalian immune system has
provided considerable selective pressure for viruses that have evolved vigorous …

The host invariably responds to infecting viruses by activating its innate immune system and
mounting virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. These responses are …

Viral infections can cause rampant disease in human beings, ranging from mild to acute, that
can often be fatal unless resolved. An acute viral infection is characterized by sudden or …

Apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis represent three major regulated cell death modalities.
Apoptosis features cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation and cytoplasm-blebbing …

Programmed cell death is an integral part of host defense against invading intracellular
pathogens. Apoptosis, programmed necrosis, and pyroptosis each serve to limit pathogen …