Background To assess the reproducibility of landmarks in three dimensions that determine
the Frankfort horizontal plane (FH) as well as two new landmarks, and to evaluate the …

Introduction The Frankfort horizontal (FH) is a plane that intersects both porions and the left
orbitale. However, other combinations of points have also been used to define this plane in …

Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric analysis has provided the ability to
overcome the limitations of 2-dimensional cephalometrics. However, there is no …

Lateral cephalometric radiography is commonly used as a standard tool in orthodontic
assessment and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the available …

In some dentofacial deformity patients, especially patients undergoing surgical orthodontic
treatments, Computed Tomography (CT) scans are useful to assess complex asymmetry or …

Objectives: To identify two novel three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric landmarks and
create a novel three-dimensionally based anteroposterior skeletal measurement that can be …

Objective: To identify anatomic structures in three dimensions and examine their reliability to
be used as landmarks in a three-dimensional coordinate cephalometric analysis, using cone …

Objectives To evaluate the accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) cephalometric analysis when
compared to “gold standard” measurements on skulls. Also to appraise the reliability of 10 …

The aim of this study was to assess landmark identification on digital images in comparison
with those obtained from original radiographs. Ten cephalometric radiographs were …

Introduction: The purpose of the study is to determine reliability of true horizontal (TH) plane
with Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane in cephalometric measurements. Materials and …