Transition metals such as copper are essential for many physiological processes yet can be
toxic at elevated levels. Other metals (eg lead) are nonessential and potentially highly toxic …

Heavy metals such as Cu and Zn are essential for normal plant growth, although elevated
concentrations of both essential and non‐essential metals can result in growth inhibition and …

Plants directly assimilate minerals from the environment and thus are key for acquisition of
metals by all subsequent consumers. Limited bio-availability of copper, zinc and iron in soil …

Nutritional micronutrient deficiencies and exposure to pollutant metals threaten human
health globally. Plant crops are at the beginning of a food chain that largely determines food …

Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) are essential micronutrient mineral
elements for living organisms, as they regulate essential cellular processes, such as …

Iron, zinc, copper and manganese are essential metals for cellular enzyme functions while
cadmium, mercury and the metalloid arsenic lack any biological function. Both, essential …

Background, aim, and scope Trace elements (heavy metals and metalloids) are important
environmental pollutants, and many of them are toxic even at very low concentrations …

A relatively small group of hyperaccumulator plants is capable of sequestering heavy metals
in their shoot tissues at high concentrations. In recent years, major scientific progress has …

Trace metal elements are essential for plant growth but become toxic at high concentrations,
while some non-essential elements, such as Cd and As, show toxicity even in traces. Thus …

Metals like zinc, iron and copper are essential micronutrients required for a wide range of
physiological processes in all plant organs for the activities of various metal-dependent …