Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

Transforming growth factor–β1 (TGF-β1) is inextricably linked to regulatory T cell (Treg)
biology. However, precisely untangling the role for TGF-β1 in Treg differentiation and …

Naive CD4+ cells differentiate into T helper (Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17) and regulatory T (Treg)
cells to execute their immunologic function. Whereas TGF-β suppresses Th1 and Th2 cell …

CD4+ T cells from the TCR transgenic TxA23 mouse recognize a peptide from the H/K-
ATPase α-chain. When TxA23 CD4+ thymocytes are differentiated into Th1, Th2, and Th17 …

Since its rediscovery in the mid-1990s, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have climbed the
rank to become commander-in-chief of the immune system. They possess diverse power …

TGF-β1 is a regulatory cytokine that has an important role in controlling T cell differentiation.
T cell-produced TGF-β1 acts on T cells to promote Th17 cell differentiation and the …

For more than two decades, immunologists have been using the so-called Th1/Th2
paradigm to explain most of the phenomena related to adaptive immunity. The Th1/Th2 …

Summary T helper 17 (Th17) cells play critical roles in inflammatory and autoimmune
diseases. The lineage‐specific transcription factor ROR γt is the key regulator for Th17 cell …

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) protein family is highly evolutionarily conserved
and they have been implicated in many biological processes. Also, TGF-β can exert pivotal …

Summary T helper 17 (Th17) cell development is driven by cytokines including transforming
growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, and IL-23. Regulatory T (Treg) cells can …