The influenza A virus was isolated for the first time in 1931, and the first attempts to develop
a vaccine against the virus began soon afterwards. In addition to causing seasonal …

The successful isolation of a human influenza virus in 1933 was soon followed by the first
attempts to develop an influenza vaccine. Nowadays, vaccination is still the most effective …

Introduction: Current influenza vaccines can prevent disease caused by influenza viruses
but require annual administration and almost yearly reformulation. An attractive alternative …

New influenza vaccines have been designed based on the fact that the extracellular domain
of M2 protein (M2e) is nearly invariant in all influenza A strains. To clarify which exact region …

To prevent the human and economic losses caused by human and avian influenza viruses,
it is necessary to prepare safe bivalent influenza vaccines. Recent studies found that human …

The threat of highly virulent avian influenza, such as H5N1 and swine-origin H1N1 influenza
viruses, bring out an urgent need to develop a universal influenza vaccine, which may …

Human influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Currently, licensed influenza
vaccines offer satisfactory protection if they match the infecting strain, but they come with …

The extracellular-domain of influenza Matrix 2 protein (M2e) is considered as a putative
target for designing universal influenza vaccines. However, the mechanism by which M2 …

Based on the fact that the 24 amino acid extracellular domain of M2 protein (M2e) is nearly
invariant in all influenza A strains, several different M2e vaccine constructs and vaccination …

Influenza vaccines used today are strain specific and need to be adapted every year to try
and match the antigenicity of the virus strains that are predicted to cause the next epidemic …