Similar to other infectious diseases, the prevalence of low pathogenic avian influenza
viruses (LPAIV) has been seen to exhibit marked seasonal variation. However, mechanisms …

Waterfowl and shorebirds are common reservoirs of the low pathogenic subtypes of avian
influenza (LPAI), which are easily transmitted to poultry and become highly pathogenic. As …

The spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in nature is intrinsically linked with the
movements of wild birds. Wild birds are the reservoirs for the virus and their migration may …

Although low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) is traditionally considered to have
adapted to its wild waterbird host to become avirulent, recent studies have suggested that …

Migratory and resident hosts have been hypothesized to fulfil distinct roles in infectious
disease dynamics. However, the contribution of resident and migratory hosts to wildlife …

Wildlife pathogens can alter host fitness. Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV)
infection is thought to have negligible impacts on wild birds; however, effects of infection in …

Wild waterbirds, specifically waterfowl, gulls, and shorebirds, are recognized as the
primordial reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs). However, the role of seabirds, an …

Wild waterfowl, particularly dabbling ducks such as mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), are
considered the main reservoir of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). They …

Wild ducks and gulls are the major reservoirs for avian influenza A viruses (AIVs). The
mechanisms that drive AIV evolution are complex at sites where various duck and gull …

Despite the recognized importance of fecal/oral transmission of low pathogenic avian
influenza (LPAI) via contaminated wetlands, little is known about the length, quantity, or …