Anesthesia, critical care, perioperative, and pain research often involves study designs in
which the same outcome variable is repeatedly measured or observed over time on the …

Background and Objectives Research in the field of anesthesiology relies heavily on
longitudinal designs for answering questions about long-term efficacy and safety of various …

Equivalence and noninferiority designs are useful when the superiority of one intervention
over another is neither expected nor required. Equivalence trials test whether a difference …

Researchers and clinicians are frequently interested in either:(1) assessing whether there is
a relationship or association between 2 or more variables and quantifying this association; …

Inferential statistics relies heavily on the central limit theorem and the related law of large
numbers. According to the central limit theorem, regardless of the distribution of the source …

Perioperative investigators and professionals increasingly seek to evaluate whether
implementing systematic practice changes improves outcomes compared to a previous …

One of the first steps in designing and conducting a research study is identifying the primary
and any secondary study outcomes. In an experimental, quasi-experimental, or analytic …

Abstract Effect size measures are used to quantify treatment effects or associations between
variables. Such measures, of which> 70 have been described in the literature, include …

Background In many randomized and non-randomized comparative trials, researchers
measure a continuous endpoint repeatedly in order to decrease intra-patient variability and …

Rationale, aims and objectives Repeated measures studies are found in many areas of
research, particularly in areas of healthcare. There is currently little information available to …