Recent epidemiological studies have shown that, in addition to disease-specific effects,
vaccines against infectious diseases have nonspecific effects on the ability of the immune …

Besides protection against specific microorganisms, vaccines can induce heterologous or
non-specific effects (NSE). Epidemiological data suggest that vaccination with live …

Vaccines represent one of the greatest triumphs of modern medicine. Despite the common
origins of vaccinology and immunology more than 200 years ago, the two disciplines have …

Vaccines can have nonspecific effects through their modulation of responses to infections
not specifically targeted by the vaccine. However, lack of knowledge about the underlying …

Immune mechanisms of protection: can adjuvants rise to the challenge? | BMC Biology Skip to
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A growing body of evidence from epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic studies indicates
that vaccines can influence morbidity and mortality independent of vaccine-specific B-cell or …

The immune system is a network of specialized cell types and tissues that communicates via
cytokines and direct contact, to orchestrate specific types of defensive responses. Until …

Introduction: Three major advances have led to increase in length and quality of human life:
increased food production, improved sanitation and induction of specific adaptive immune …

For infectious diseases where immunization can offer lifelong protection, a variety of simple
models can be used to explain the utility of vaccination as a control method. However, for …

Highlights•Trained immunity is induced in a variety of innate immune cell types.•Central and
peripheral trained immunity underlies the long-term effects of innate immunity.•Metabolic …