The prevalence of many pain conditions often differs between sexes. In addition to such
quantitative distinctions, sexual dimorphism may also be qualitative reflecting differences in …

Chronic pain affects 20% of adults and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide.
Women and girls are disproportionally affected by chronic pain. About half of chronic pain …

Despite the overwhelming female-predominance in chronic pain disorders, preclinical pain
studies have historically excluded females as research subjects. Male-biased explanations …

The influence of sex has been neglected in basic and clinical studies on pain, with the vast
majority of research conducted exclusively in males. However, it is becoming increasingly …

The recent demonstration of differences in transcript expression in human post-mortem
sensory neurons suggests the possibility of sexually dimorphic pain mechanisms. To date …

Understanding why people vary in their experience and response to pain is central to the
development of better, more targeted, personalised, treatments for pain. Sex and gender …

While it is generally accepted that women have lower pain thresholds for diverse forms of
noxious stimuli, the mechanistic basis for this sexual dimorphism in nociceptive pain …

This chapter underscores the significant impact of sex and gender on pain perception and its
treatment. Historically, the crucial role of sex and gender has often been overlooked in the …

A clear majority of patients with chronic pain are women; however, it has been surprisingly
difficult to determine whether this sex bias corresponds to actual sex differences in pain …

Although most patients with chronic pain are women, the preclinical literature regarding pain
processing and the pathophysiology of chronic pain has historically been derived …