Objectives To analyze the patterns and risk factors of HIV drug resistance mutations among
patients failing second-line treatment and to describe early treatment responses to …

Background Studies of patients failing second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-
limited settings (RLS) are few. Evidence suggests most patients who appear to be …

Objectives The number of patients on second‐line antiretroviral therapy is growing, but data
on HIV drug resistance patterns at failure in resource‐constrained settings are scarce. We …

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance may limit the
benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This cohort study examined patterns of drug …

Objectives In resource-limited settings, few data are available on virological failure after long-
term first-line antiretroviral therapy. This study characterized the genotypic resistance …

In settings of resource constraint, an understanding of HIV drug resistance can guide
antiretroviral therapy (ART) at switch to second‐line therapy. To determine the prevalence of …

Objectives We describe the outcomes of second-line drug resistance profiles and predict the
efficacy of drugs for third-line therapy in patients monitored without the benefit of plasma HIV …

Background The effect of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance on the response to first-line
combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We …

Background The ongoing scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has
prompted the interest in surveillance of transmitted and acquired HIV drug resistance …

Little is known about the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) resistance
mutations present at time of regimen switch on the response to second-line antiretroviral …