Background Adverse pathophysiological and behavioral outcomes related to mild traumatic
brain injury (mTBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and chronic pain are common …

Importance Exposure to trauma increases the risk for developing threat (ie, fear) symptoms,
such as reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptoms, and loss (ie, dysphoria) symptoms …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem associated with numerous
physical and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Chronic pain is prevalent and interferes with …

Previous findings have indicated that pain relieving medications such as opioids and non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be neuroprotective after traumatic brain …

The endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin has been implicated in the pathophysiology of
secondary tissue injury after central nervous system (CNS) trauma. The detrimental effects of …

Endogenous opiates are suggested to have a role in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain
injury (TBI). Furthermore, administration of opioidergic agents in TBI injured animals have …

Blast-induced traumatic brain injury is typically regarded as a signature medical concern for
military personnel who are exposed to explosive devices in active combat zones. However …

Substance use disorders (SUD) may emerge from an individual's attempt to limit negative
affective states and symptoms linked to stress. Indeed, SUD is highly comorbid with chronic …

A history of repeated concussion has been linked to the later development of
neurodegeneration, which is associated with the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau …

Administration of the ovarian steroid estradiol in male and female animals has been shown
to have neuromodulatory and neuroprotective effects in a variety of experimental models. In …