Introduction Acute metabolic acidosis of non-renal origin is usually a result of either lactic or
ketoacidosis, both of which are associated with a high anion gap. There is increasing …

Introduction Metabolic acidosis during hemorrhagic shock is common and conventionally
considered to be due to hyperlactatemia. There is increasing awareness, however, that …

Introduction Metabolic acidosis is the most frequent acid–base disorder in the intensive care
unit. The optimal analysis of the underlying mechanisms is unknown. Aim To compare the …

Publications give diverging information as to which metabolic acid–base disorder is the most
common in the ICU [1, 2]. We explored the distribution of base excess (BE) values in a large …

Introduction Ionized calcium (iCa) concentration is often used in critical care and measured
using blood gas analyzers at the point of care. Controlling and adjusting regional citrate …

Introduction Metabolic alkalosis is a commonly encountered acid–base derangement in the
intensive care unit. Treatment with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide is …

Introduction Lactic acidosis can develop during biguanide (metformin and phenformin)
intoxication, possibly as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. To verify this …

Background Oliguria is one of the leading triggers of fluid loading in patients in the intensive
care unit (ICU). The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive value of urine Na+ …

Introduction Metabolic acidosis is common in patients with cardiac arrest and is
conventionally considered to be essentially due to hyperlactatemia. However …

Introduction Isotonic crystalloids play a central role in perioperative fluid management.
Isooncotic preparations of colloids (for example, human albumin or hydroxyethyl starch) …