Forest ecosystems include a great variety of communities of organisms interacting with their
physical environment: multi-aged natural forests, even-aged monocultures, and secondary …

Forests are likely the most complex ecosystems on Earth, as they cross scales from the
largest and longest-lived organisms on the planet (trees) with a myriad of diminutive …

The common idea for many people is that forests are just a collection of trees. However, they
are much more than that. They are a complex, functional system of interacting and often …

Scientists tell us that climate change is upon us and the physical world is changing quickly
with important implications for biodiversity and human well-being. Forests cover vast regions …

Forest management is a complex process that now incorporates information obtained from
many sources. It is increasingly obvious that the physiological status of the trees in a forest …

Forests provide many ecosystem services to humans and other organisms. Forests provide
timber that is used for a myriad of wood and paper products (Chapter 20). Millions of species …

Maintaining biodiversity is a key goal of global forest policy which promotes ecosystem
health and resilience in the face of changing land use and climate. Sustainable …

Introduction sheer complexity in the engineering of the forests as whole systems that provide
an essential foundation supporting all life. The chapters in Part V examine the ecology …

Well-managed forests and woodlands are a renewable resource, producing essential raw
material with minimum waste and energy use. Rich in habitat and species diversity, forests …

How do tree crowns, trees or entire forest stands respond to thinning in the long term? What
effect do tree species mixture and multi-layering have on the productivity and stability of …