Tramadol is a synthetic analog of codeine used to treat pain of moderate to severe intensity
and is reported to have neurotoxic potential. At therapeutic dose, tramadol does not cause …

Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic opioid, which is currently one of the top most–
prescribed medications in the United States. Tramadol and its active metabolite can relieve …

Introduction Tramadol is widely being used in chronic pain management for improving
patients' life quality and reducing trauma. Although it is listed in several medicinal …

Tramadol is commonly prescribed for pain control because it presents a lower risk for
addiction and respiratory depression compared to other opioids. However, tramadol's …

Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is a form of unwanted reaction and is the crucial reason for
illness and death. Tramadol-induced parkinsonism is a kind of ADR that occurs after the …

Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic and SNRI (serotonin/
norepinephrine reuptake-inhibitor) that structurally resembles codeine and morphine. Given …

Tramadol—an atypical opioid analgesic—has a unique pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic profile, with opioidergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic actions …

Methods This study included 100 patients with tramadol abuse and 100 control subjects
(matched for age, sex, and education) who were recruited from Zagazig University Hospital …

Background: Tramadol dependence has been studied recently after large-scale exposure.
Although tramadol dependence has increased rapidly in Egypt since 2004, no studies have …

Tramadol is an opioid used as analgesic for treating moderate or sever pain. The long-term
use of tramadol can induce several deleterious effects. We investigated the impact of chronic …