Endothelium is a community of endothelial cells (ECs), which line the blood and lymphatic
vessels, thus forming an interface between the tissues and the blood or lympha. This …

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) in the setting of cardiovascular risk factors such as
hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic smoking as well as in …

The endothelium is a functional barrier between vessel wall and blood stream. Assuming the
total human vascular and capillary system occupies a surface area of more than 1,000 m2 …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reactive intermediates of molecular oxygen that act as
important second messengers within the cells; however, an imbalance between generation …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including heart and pathological circulatory conditions, are
the world's leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Endothelial dysfunction involved in …

The endothelium is recognized to play an important role in various physiological functions
including vascular tone, permeability, anticoagulation, and angiogenesis. Endothelial …

Vascular diseases are the main reason for morbidity and mortality worldwide. As we know,
the earlier phase of vascular diseases is endothelial dysfunction in humans, the endothelial …

In response to physiologic stimuli, endothelial cells dynamically regulate arterial vascular
tone by producing vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. Risk factors for atherosclerosis, such …

Cardiovascular diseases are major contributors to global deaths and disability‐adjusted life
years, with hypertension a significant risk factor for all causes of death. The endothelium that …

The vascular endothelium not only is a single monolayer of cells between the vessel lumen
and the intimal wall, but also plays an important role by controlling vascular function and …