Cytokines exert powerful immunomodulatory effects that are critical to physiology and
pathology in humans. The application of natural cytokines in clinical studies has not been …

Cytokines exert a vast array of immunoregulatory actions critical to human biology and
disease. However, the desired immunotherapeutic effects of native cytokines are often …

Cytokines dimerize their receptors, with the binding of the'second chain'triggering signaling.
In the interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 system, different cell types express varying numbers of …

Cytokines are immunoregulatory proteins involved in many pathological states with
promising potential as therapeutic agents. A diverse array of cytokines has been studied in …

Cytokines are key players in stimulating and regulating immune responses in physiological
and pathophysiological processes. Various cytokines have been approved for therapy of …

Several cytokines have been investigated in clinical trials, based on their potent therapeutic
activity observed in animal models of cancer and other diseases. However, substantial …

Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular
functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the …

Cytokines are key modulators of the immune responses and represent promising
therapeutics for a variety of cancers. However, successful translation of cytokine-based …

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has successfully been introduced as treatment of
several lymphomas and leukemias. However, solid tumors reduce the efficacy of mAb …

Cytokines have pivotal roles in immunity, making them attractive as therapeutics for a variety
of immune-related disorders. However, the widespread clinical use of cytokines has been …