The stable states of differentiated cells are now known to be controlled by dynamic
mechanisms that can easily be perturbed. An adult cell can therefore be reprogrammed …

The cloning of mammals from differentiated donor cells has refuted the old dogma that
development is an irreversible process. It has demonstrated that the oocyte can …

Nuclear reprogramming describes a switch in gene expression of one kind of cell to that of
another unrelated cell type. Early studies in frog cloning provided some of the first …

Cloning by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells is a remarkable demonstration of
developmental plasticity. When a nucleus is placed in oocyte cytoplasm, the changes in …

Differentiated cells can be experimentally reprogrammed back to pluripotency by nuclear
transfer, cell fusion or induced pluripotent stem cell technology. Nuclear transfer and cell …

When transplanted into Xenopus oocytes, the nuclei of mammalian somatic cells are
reprogrammed to express stem cell genes such as Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. We now …

Somatic cell nuclear'reprogramming'in livestock species is now routine in many laboratories.
Here, Robert Lanza, Jose Cibelli and Michael West discuss how these techniques may soon …

The exchange of the oocyte's genome with the genome of a somatic cell, followed by the
derivation of pluripotent stem cells, could enable the generation of specific cells affected in …

Nuclear transplantation can reprogramme a somatic genome back into an embryonic
epigenetic state, and the reprogrammed nucleus can create a cloned animal or produce …

The successful production of viable progeny following adult somatic cell nuclear transfer
(cloning) provides exciting new opportunities for basic research for investigating early …