Biomedical research is undergoing a paradigm shift towards approaches centred on human
disease models owing to the notoriously high failure rates of the current drug development …

The failure of animal models to predict therapeutic responses in humans is a major problem
that also brings into question their use for basic research. Organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) …

Developing biologically relevant models of human tissues and organs is an important
enabling step for disease modeling and drug discovery. Recent advances in tissue …

Recent advances in integrating microengineering and tissue engineering have generated
promising microengineered physiological models for experimental medicine and …

Animals often fail to faithfully mimic human diseases and drug toxicities, and most in vitro
models are not complex enough to recapitulate human body function and pathophysiology …

In vitro cell culture and animal models are the most heavily relied upon tools of the
pharmaceutical industry. When these tools fail, the results are costly and have at times …

Before a lead compound goes through a clinical trial, preclinical studies utilize two‐
dimensional (2D) in vitro models and animal models to study the pharmacodynamics and …

The high rate of failure during drug development is well-known, however recent advances in
tissue engineering and microfabrication have contributed to the development of …

To reduce the required capital and time investment in the development of new
pharmaceutical agents, there is an urgent need for preclinical drug testing models that are …

Highlights•Physiologically relevant organ models based on microfabrication and
bioengineering.•Recent progress on organ-on-a-chip systems simulating kidney, brain, lung …