The import and export of tree seed carries with it risks of inadvertent introduction of pests
and pathogens to hitherto unaffected regions. Although trade in seed of specified trees is …

Abstract Purpose of Review Because tree seeds have been considered a low-risk pathway
for the spread of plant pathogenic fungi, their international movement is not subject to strict …

Undescribed exotic and scientifically unknown fungal species with the potential to be
pathogens are often difficult to detect on imported live plant material due to their …

The international seed trade is considered relatively safe from a phytosanitary point of view
and is therefore less regulated than trade in other plants for planting. However, the pests …

Microorganisms have inadvertently been spread via the global movement and trade of their
substrates, such as animals, plants, and soil. This intercontinental exchange in the current …

Recent studies revealed a high diversity of fungal endophytes in traded tree seeds,
including potential plant pathogens. The factors determining richness and composition of …

Introduction of and invasion by alien plant pathogens represents the main cause of
emerging infectious diseases affecting domesticated and wild plant species worldwide. The …

Seeds are involved in the vertical transmission of microorganisms in plants and act as
reservoirs for the plant microbiome. They could serve as carriers of pathogens, making the …

Highlights•Forest loss contributes to pest and pathogen emergence and spread.•Forests and
surrounding areas exchange pests and microbes at an unprecedented rate.•Trade and …

Anthropogenic activities have a major impact on the global environment. Canada's natural
resources are threatened by the spread of fungal pathogens, which is facilitated by …