Over the centuries, land reclamation, coastal development, overfishing and pollution have
nearly eliminated European wetlands, seagrass meadows, shellfish beds, biogenic reefs …

Marine ecosystems of temperate regions are highly modified by human activity and far from
their original natural status. The North Sea, known as an intensively used area, has lost its …

Current policies of habitat conservation, recovery, and management are strongly biased in
favour of terrestrial systems, being poorly applicable to marine environments. A sound …

The European Red List of Habitats provides an overview of the risk of collapse (degree of
endangerment) of marine, terrestrial and freshwater habitats in the European Union (EU28) …

Much less attention has been paid in recent years to the threats to coastal and marine
biodiversity, compared to biodiversity in more terrestrial habitats. The tremendous …

One of the main goals of marine spatial management is to promote a sustainable use of
marine resources without putting biodiversity and habitats at risk. Environmental status …

The variety of marine habitats in Britain is tremendous-the greatest of any European state
with an Atlantic coast-from the rugged wavebeaten Atlantic shores of northern Scotland to …

Anthropogenic pressures on the marine environment have escalated and shellfish habitats
have declined substantially around the world. Recently, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) …

The mapping and assessment of the ecosystem services provided by benthic habitats is a
highly valuable source of information for understanding their current and potential benefits to …

Documented extinctions of marine and anadromous species are rare, but extinction of
species and extirpation of major populations have occurred–there are cases of near …