Background Weight gain is often considered a side effect of combination hormonal
contraceptives, and many women and clinicians believe that an association exists. Concern …

OBJECTIVE: Many women and clinicians believe that combination estrogen–progestin
contraceptive use can lead to weight gain. This concern can deter women from starting …

Background Progestin‐only contraceptives (POCs) are appropriate for many women who
cannot or should not take estrogen. POCs include injectables, intrauterine contraception …

Background Obesity has reached epidemic proportions around the world. Effectiveness of
hormonal contraceptives may be related to metabolic changes in obesity or to greater body …

Objective To provide guidelines for health care providers on the use of contraceptive
methods to prevent pregnancy and on the promotion of healthy sexuality. Outcomes Overall …

Background Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is commonly prescribed to treat
menopausal symptoms and to prevent post‐menopausal bone loss. However, many women …

Background Many hormonal contraceptives have been associated with changes in
carbohydrate metabolism. Alterations may include decreased glucose tolerance and …

Importance Meta-analyses have reported conflicting data on the safety of hormonal
contraception, but the quality of evidence for the associations between hormonal …

Background Concern about estrogen‐related adverse effects has led to progressive
reductions in the estrogen dose in combination oral contraceptives (COCs). However …

Context Combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) use may modify the risk of cardiovascular
events in obese [body mass index (BMI)≥ 30 kg/m 2] women. Objective The objective was …