Substantial research has been directed towards the development of a new generation of
vaccines that are based on the inclusion of immunogenic epitopes in recombinant vectors …

The history of vaccine development has seen many accomplishments, but there are still
many diseases that are difficult to target, and new technologies are being brought to bear on …

Efficacious vaccination needs to confer protection against the vast majority of pathogens
capable of causing a particular disease. Development of such vaccines is hindered by the …

Although the field of immunology developed in part from the early vaccine studies of Edward
Jenner, Louis Pasteur and others, vaccine development had largely become the province of …

Traditional and first generation vaccines are composed of live or fixed whole pathogens,
while second generation vaccines include, among others, the native protein antigens …

Of the 80-plus known infectious agents pathogenic for humans, there are now more than 30
vaccines against 26 mainly viral and bacterial infections and these greatly minimize …

Abstract “Cross-reactivity”(the observed immune response against pathogen types not
specifically targeted by the vaccine antigen composition) and “cross-protection”(clinical …

The view that antibody-mediated protection is unimportant against intracellular pathogens is
not supported by the literature. In fact, there is convincing evidence that antibody can protect …

The development of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases has been one of the most
important contributions of biomedical science. Recent advances in the basic sciences are …

Vaccine development, which began with Edward Jenner's observations in the late 18th
century, has entered its 4th century. From its beginnings, with the use of whole organisms …