Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response and is characterized
by long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. This concept originated in …

Consistent induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness in the absence of continuous
immunosuppressive therapy and toxic effects remains a difficult task in clinical organ …

Adaptive immune responses are characterized by antigen specificity and induction of
lifelong immunologic memory. Recently, it has been reported that innate immune cells can …

Traditionally, the innate and adaptive immune systems are differentiated by their specificity
and memory capacity. In recent years, however, this paradigm has shifted: Cells of the …

The myriad of co-stimulatory signals expressed, or induced, upon T-cell activation suggests
that these signalling pathways shape the character and magnitude of the resulting …

As T cells alone are both necessary and sufficient for the rejection of virtually all allogeneic
tissues, much of transplantation immunology has focused on cells of the adaptive immune …

Historically, research on transplant rejection and tolerance has focused on cells of the
adaptive immune system, especially T cells. Anti‐graft effector T cells are necessary and …

Transplantation is the only curative treatment for patients with kidney failure but it poses
unique immunological challenges that must be overcome to prevent allograft rejection and …

Over the last decades, our understanding of adaptive immune responses to solid organ
transplantation increased considerably and allowed development of immunosuppressive …

Trained immunity is a de facto memory for innate immune responses, leading to long-term
functional reprogramming of innate immune cells. In physiological conditions, trained …