Although associative learning has been localized to specific brain areas in many animals,
identifying the underlying synaptic processes in vivo has been difficult. Here, we provide the …

Animals rely on the relative timing of events in their environment to form and update
predictive associations, but the molecular and circuit mechanisms for this temporal …

Associative learning is thought to involve parallel and distributed mechanisms of memory
formation and storage. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is the major site of …

Learned and adaptive behaviors rely on neural circuits that flexibly couple the same sensory
input to alternative output pathways. Here, we show that the Drosophila mushroom body …

Dopaminergic neurons with distinct projection patterns and physiological properties
compose memory subsystems in a brain. However, it is poorly understood whether or how …

Background Activity of dopaminergic neurons is necessary and sufficient to evoke learning-
related plasticity in neuronal networks that modulate learning. During olfactory classical …

The Drosophila brain contains a relatively simple circuit for forming Pavlovian associations,
yet it achieves many operations common across memory systems. Recent advances have …

Associative strength between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) is
thought to determine learning efficacy in classical conditioning. Elucidation of the neuronal …

Effective and stimulus-specific learning is essential for animals' survival. Two major
mechanisms are known to aid stimulus specificity of associative learning. One is accurate …

In nature, animals form memories associating reward or punishment with stimuli from
different sensory modalities, such as smells and colors. It is unclear, however, how distinct …