Climate change will alter marine ecosystems; however, the complexity of the food webs,
combined with chronic undersampling, constrains efforts to predict their future and to …

Polar organisms have adapted their seasonal cycles to the dynamic interface between ice
and water. This interface ranges from the micrometre-sized brine channels within sea ice to …

It is now widely accepted that global warming is occurring, yet its effects on the world's
largest ecosystem, the marine pelagic realm, are largely unknown. We show that sea …

Ecosystems can shift rapidly from one state to another as a result of natural environmental
variability, human activities (such as overfishing or humaninduced climate change), or both …

At the close of the Fourth International Polar Year, we take stock of the ecological
consequences of recent climate change in the Arctic, focusing on effects at population …

Over the past decade, the Arctic has warmed by 0.75° C, far outpacing the global average,
while Antarctic temperatures have remained comparatively stable. As Earth approaches 2° …

Contributing roughly half of the biosphere's net primary production (NPP),, photosynthesis
by oceanic phytoplankton is a vital link in the cycling of carbon between living and inorganic …

Polar regions have experienced significant warming in recent decades. Warming has been
most pronounced across the Arctic Ocean Basin and along the Antarctic Peninsula, with …

The climate of the western shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is undergoing a transition
from a cold-dry polar-type climate to a warm-humid sub-Antarctic–type climate. Using three …

The future impacts of anthropogenic global change on marine ecosystems are highly
uncertain, but insights can be gained from past intervals of high atmospheric carbon dioxide …