The adverse side effects of opioids, especially antinociceptive tolerance, limit their clinical
application. A recent study reported that platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) …

Purpose Opioid tolerance remains a challenging problem, which limits prolonged drug
usage in clinics. Previous studies have shown a fundamental role of platelet-derived growth …

Opioids are the most widely used analgesics in the treatment of severe acute and chronic
pain. However, opioids have many adverse side effects, including the development of …

Compelling evidence has suggested that spinal glial cells were activated by chronic
morphine treatment and involved in the development of morphine tolerance. However, the …

Although they represent the cornerstone of analgesic therapy, opioids, such as morphine,
are limited in efficacy by drug tolerance, hyperalgesia and other side effects. Activation of …

Morphine abuse in treating severe and chronic pain has become a worldwide problem. But,
chronic morphine exposure can cause memory impairment with its mechanisms not fully …

The analgesic effect of opioids decreases over time due to the development of analgesic
tolerance. We have shown that inhibition of the platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGFR …

Background The development of antinociceptive tolerance following repetitive
administration of opioid analgesics significantly hinders their clinical use. Evidence has …

Aims Systemic administration of opiate analgesics such as morphine remains the most
effective treatment for alleviating severe pain across a range of conditions including acute …

Background Evidence has accumulated indicating that microglia within the spinal cord play
a critical role in morphine tolerance. The present study investigated the effects and possible …